{"id":28347,"date":"2023-08-21T16:48:56","date_gmt":"2023-08-21T20:48:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/splice.com\/blog\/?p=28347"},"modified":"2023-08-21T16:48:57","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T20:48:57","slug":"what-is-the-doppler-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/splice.com\/blog\/what-is-the-doppler-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the Doppler effect?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Illustration:<\/strong> Jordan Moss<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you just haven\u2019t gotten enough sonic science<\/strong><\/a> and music theory knowledge<\/strong><\/a> from the Splice blog, you\u2019ve come to the right place.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Of course, if this is your first time joining us, welcome! We\u2019re eager to dig into a broad range of topics to help you become a better music creator, listener, conversationalist, and fan. Today, we\u2019ll discuss the Doppler effect,<\/strong> one of the world\u2019s many phenomena named after the scientists who studied them\u2014this sonic breakthrough observed by 19th-century Austrian thinker Christian Doppler. What he developed helps explain a regular occurrence in everyday human life, backed by fundamental physics for which we should first define a few terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let’s get started!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Defining key terms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Cycle<\/strong>:<\/td>One repetition of a repeating waveform, commonly measured by the distance between the recurring peaks (highest points) of the sound wave (the distance between the lowest points can also constitute a cycle).<\/td><\/tr>
Period<\/strong>:<\/td>The amount of time required to complete one cycle.<\/td><\/tr>
Hertz<\/strong>:<\/td>The unit that measures frequency, indicating cycles per second; a frequency of 1 Hz indicates a period of one second.<\/td><\/tr>
Velocity<\/strong>:<\/td>The speed at which a given sound wave, or the source of that wave, is moving.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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What is the Doppler effect?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Doppler effect<\/strong> is the experienced alteration in the observed frequency of a sound, due to motion of either the source or the observer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But what exactly does all of this mean?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Doppler effect is a phenomenon of wave propagation,<\/a> which you probably experience to some degree every day. In particular, it\u2019s likely that the more time you spend around motor vehicles, the more you naturally experience the Doppler effect. This is because high-speed movement, particularly involving an object with high noise pollution like cars,\u00a0places the basis of a physics experiment directly in the middle of everyday human life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s use the example of a fire truck\u2014it\u2019s loud, impossible to ignore, and is often jetting past you with sirens blaring and rattling you to your core. We often hear emergency sirens of all kinds alternating a small number of notes (such as tritones<\/a>) or using\u00a0sliding expressions rather than ones that are purely chromatic. We can analyze these sorts of sirens through a music theorist\u2019s lens\u2014however, it\u2019s important to distinguish that in order to do this with accuracy and consistency across repetitions, both the truck (the \u201csource\u201d) and the listener (the \u201cobserver\u201d) need to be at rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If both the source and the observer are at rest, the perceived frequency won’t change, and you’ll hear the siren the same way each time it completes its loop.\u00a0How you experience and engage with that looped sound based on relative location, however, is where the Doppler effect comes into play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What the Doppler effect sounds like<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Let’s put ourselves in the middle of that blaring sound for a moment by joining me on my street. Before pressing play below, please ensure your volume is at a conservative level. The gain of the initial sounds has been lowered, but the source is, after all, meant to be impossible to ignore!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Curious about lesser-known ways in which this idea is experienced beyond traffic? Have a read here<\/a> for applications to medicine, space doings, and police meeting their monthly speeding ticket quotas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The common misidentification of the Doppler effect<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The reality is, much like many commonly-known audio effects, this phenomenon is very easily mixed up with others we commonly experience, and leverage, in our musical concoctions. In my case, this arose around a calling card of the live performances by multi-instrumentalist Andrew Bird<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to the loyal (obsessive<\/em>) fandom of my parents, I was exposed to this artist and what I would still consider my favorite approach to live event surround sound. Perhaps it would be my second favorite had I attended the original Animals tour as my father did, as I was regularly assured growing up just how much they built upon their innovative early years<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, what exactly does Andrew Bird do? Well, it may be helpful to first share this image of one of Chicago-based Specimen Audio’s trademark products<\/a> with you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those who’ve attended an Andrew Bird show likely now see the whimsical, whistling violin looper as synonymous with this striking shape. Now, imagine dozens of these scattered throughout Chicago\u2019s famous Fourth Presbyterian Church, which is what occurs annually at a show called Gezelligheid<\/em>. Loosely translated to ”cozy” in Dutch, these shows are tucked inside one of the few buildings to survive the Chicago Fire, often with the worst of the city\u2019s icy winters lurking outside. Compounding this setup is the direct effect of these Specimen Janus Horn Speakers,<\/a> which can rotate 360\u00b0 at varying speeds to make for a unique, mesmerizing show.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first time I saw this, I wondered if this was just a visual gimmick with a significant price tag. What is the listener actually experiencing with these rotating tubes reminiscent of some of the oldest electric audio technology in human history?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As spoiled by the headline of this section, the audio behavior being exhibited here by a Janus Horn Speaker is not<\/em> the Doppler effect. Because this product is stationary, as is most often the observer, there isn’t a significant change in velocity or frequency. This is especially the case because of the dual horn feature (rather than a singular horn rotating); there’s very little time without at least some part of the internal refractive surface of one of the horns facing the listener.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What’s instead being experienced is a sort of analog tremolo effect, with an intensity that differs based on the rate of rotation. It takes nothing away from the wonder of the experience\u2014but no, it isn’t an example of today’s topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Doppler effect is just one of many strange\u2014yet commonplace\u2014experiences in which the physics of sounds and our own bodies creates illusions. If you liked this topic, have a look at our other pieces related to psychoacoustics.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Years after Christian Doppler’s breakthrough, the idea of an inverse Doppler effect<\/strong> would also take center stage in research, which attempts to understand the conditions under which the perceived frequency of a sound increases,<\/em> or <\/em>sounds <\/em>higher, <\/em>when the object is further and \/ or moving away. There are a number of studies which relate this phenomenon to factors of electronic fields, specific instruments such as flutes and other wind instruments, and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The expanses of scientific curiosity are ever-growing, so please feel free to reach out to me directly at mattbrooks.beratung@gmail.com if you’d like to see us feature this or another psychoacoustics topic further. Of course, you’re also welcome to share general feedback, ask questions, or request additions to this post specifically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whether you embark on a field recording journey to integrate the Doppler effect into your music or this knowledge simply becomes another piece of your understanding of sound waves, go fourth and create!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Explore more topics on within the vast world of psychoacoustics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Learn more<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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