{"id":15515,"date":"2021-03-29T18:51:53","date_gmt":"2021-03-29T22:51:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/splice.com\/blog\/?p=15515"},"modified":"2023-07-18T15:33:58","modified_gmt":"2023-07-18T19:33:58","slug":"randomness-chance-music-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/splice.com\/blog\/randomness-chance-music-history\/","title":{"rendered":"The history of randomness and chance in music"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Illustration:<\/strong> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Daniel Zender (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.danielzender.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Daniel Zender<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The idea of leaving something up to chance might seem a bit odd, but intentional randomness has helped shape some of the most interesting moments in music history.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There\u2019s no doubt that the same piece of classical music can sound different based on the performer\u2019s interpretation, or that jazz leans heavily on the idea of improvisation so that no two performances are the same. However, today we\u2019ll be taking a closer look at what happens when things like randomness and chance take center stage. These concepts have been around for decades and remain useful when it comes to creating truly unique compositions\u2014join us as we take a listen to five examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1792: Nikolaus Simrock&#8217;s <em>Musikalisches W\u00fcrfelspiel<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the first examples of what would much later be referred to as \u201caleatoric\u201d (meaning \u201cdice\u201d in Latin) music revolved around just that\u2014a game of dice. Mozart\u2019s publisher Nikolaus Simrock released his version of the musical dice game, or <em>Musikalisches W\u00fcrfelspiel<\/em>, in 1792. It consists of an assortment of short musical phrases that would be selected and combined together using dice to create one of 45,949,729,863,572,161 potential waltzes. While the way the game combines these phrases does result in a very similar (and aesthetically pleasing) result each time, it\u2019s still a great early example of bringing randomness into music.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Sonic Pi plays Mozart Dice Minuets with printed music too!\" width=\"370\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nFVmh9WNnDw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1951: John Cage&#8217;s &#8220;Music of Changes&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While the idea of &#8216;indeterminacy&#8217; in music can be heard in early 20th-century works from the likes of Charles Ives and Henry Cowell, John Cage brought it to the forefront of avant-garde music as a way to introduce elements of chance into the composition of a piece and \/ or its performance. His 1951 work &#8220;Music of Changes&#8221; relies heavily on a Chinese classic text traditionally used for divination known as the <em>I Ching<\/em>. Cage generated music by essentially \u201casking\u201d the book specific questions based on his own existing charts of musical elements (like instrumentation, dynamics, or tempo), and then synthesizing the answers into a final composition. Fun fact: he used this system to compose most of his music from this point onward!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"John Cage: Music of Changes (1951)\" width=\"370\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/B_8-B2rNw7s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1955: Iannis Xenakis&#8217; &#8220;Pithoprakta&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Greek composer Iannis Xenakis aptly named this piece \u201cactions through probability\u201d because a lot of it depends on mathematical theories of probability related to the motion of gases. He created a model that mapped random temperatures and pressures to musical elements like pitch and duration. Each of the 46 string instruments in the orchestra is treated as its own \u201cmolecule,\u201d and plays something slightly different based on the outcomes of the probability model (if that sounds like an earful, wait until you hear the actual piece).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Iannis Xenakis - Pithoprakta (w\/ graphical score)\" width=\"370\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nvH2KYYJg-o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1968: Terry Riley&#8217;s &#8220;In C&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The elements of chance in Terry Riley\u2019s famous 1968 piece are specifically aimed at the performers instead of the composer. There are 53 short phrases of different lengths which should be played in order, but aside from that and a few other directions, the rest is completely up to the musicians. There\u2019s no limit to how big or small the ensemble can be, how many times a phrase should be repeated before moving on to the next one, or even how long the whole performance should take\u2014that\u2019s some open-ended minimalism right there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DpYBhX0UH04\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">~1960s &#8211; present: Modular synthesis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While many of the conceptual pieces above can be a bit hard to digest for many, randomness as a compositional tool is very much alive and accessible for producers today. One way to think about it is through the resurgence of modular synthesis, in which analog circuits are used to <a href=\"https:\/\/splice.com\/blog\/3-ways-create-soundscapes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"create evolving soundscapes (opens in a new tab)\">create evolving soundscapes<\/a> that can keep on playing until you cut the power. There are a ton of hardware modules out there that employ random number or voltage generation as a way to generate fun musical moments that are ripe for further experimentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"An Intro to Making Generative Music on Modular\" width=\"370\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NvrxQbh6vAg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Have you ever tried introducing unique rules or randomness into your own music? Let us know in the comments below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Find inspiration with our new sample discovery feature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/splice.com\/sounds\/create\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Create a Stack<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From Nikolaus Simrock to John Cage, learn about the pioneers who used randomness in their music, and how it lives on in music production today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":15516,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1696],"tags":[1633,1386],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - 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